The flower as a functional system
In the species studied, the central gynostegium is surrounded by a corona. Passages between its lobes lead towards recesses probed by flies. When part of a mouthpart moves through a guide between the anthers, it may contact the attachment apparatus and remove an entire pollinarium containing two pollinia. [Meve and Liede 1994] [Shuttleworth et al. 2017]
Dwa odmienne systemy
O. variegata (Ceropegia mixta in the study) was pollinated mainly by the housefly, with contributions from other flies. In O. lutea subsp. lutea, pollinium transfer in the population studied was associated with females of one Atherigona species. The width of the corona passage matched their narrow head width. [Shuttleworth et al. 2017] [du Plessis et al. 2018]
Osmophores and colour
In O. variegata, papillose secretory cells occur on the corolla and its raised ring. Electron microscopy reveals organelle and cuticle features associated with volatile secretion. Experiments with flower models demonstrated the significance of scent and overall dark colour, with no detected effect of spot size on visit frequency. [Płachno et al. 2010] [du Plessis et al. 2018]
Names in recent articles
Under the broad treatment proposed in 2017, Orbea species were transferred to Ceropegia. POWO still recognizes the genus Orbea, so profiles use these names and give their equivalents from publications when describing studies. [2-WWW] [Bruyns et al. 2017]