Meve U., Liede S., Floral biology and pollination in stapeliads — new results and a literature review, Plant Systematics and Evolution, 1994, 192(1–2):99-116, doi: 10.1007/BF00985911
The study describes the structure of the gynostegium, pollinia and attachment apparatus, and the mechanics of stapeliad pollination by flies. It combines observations with a review of earlier reports. It discusses scent, flower surfaces, nectar and the fit of insect mouthparts to floral structures.