Strittmatter L. I., Negrón-Ortiz V., Hickey R. J., Subdioecy in Consolea spinosissima (Cactaceae): breeding system and embryological studies, American Journal of Botany, 2002, 89(9):1373-1387, doi: 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1373
The study of a population from Hellshire Hills in Jamaica analyses flowers and ovule development. It discusses plants historically described as weak hermaphrodites.