Fleming T. H., Holland J. N., The evolution of obligate pollination mutualisms: senita cactus and senita moth, Oecologia, 1998, 114(3):368-375, doi: 10.1007/s004420050459
Investigates pollination of Lophocereus schottii by Upiga virescens near Bahía Kino in 1995 and 1996. Behavioural observations, hand pollination and exclusion experiments documented active pollen transfer by females and a variable contribution from bees. The authors estimated pollination benefits and the costs of fruit loss through larval feeding.